Danny Lee Barber
Classification: Serial killer
Characteristics: Robberies - Rape
Number of victims: 4
Date of murder: 1978 - 1980
Date of arrest: May 6, 1980
Date of birth: May 8, 1955
Victims profile: 4 female
Method of murder: Stabbing with knife / Shooting
Location: Dallas County, Texas, USA
Status: Executed by lethal injection in Texas on February 11, 1999
Date of Execution:
February 11, 1999
Offender:
Danny Lee Barber #673
Last Statement:
Hello, Ms. Ingram, it is good to see you. I said I could talk but I don’t think I am gonna be able to. I heard one of your nieces had some angry words. I didn’t have anything to do with the stay. I spent the last twenty years waiting to figure out what’s going on. I pray that you get over it and that’s the only thing I can think to say. I’m regretful for what I done, but I’m a different person from that time. If you could get to know me over the years, you could have seen it. I’ve got some people over here that believes that.
I want to talk to my friends over here for a second. Well, it’s good to see you guys. Look after Mary Lynn for me. Like I said, I’ve called my mother already, so she knows. Goodbye.
******
Danny Lee Barber was condemned for the October 1979 beating and stabbing death of Janice Louise Ingram during a burglary of her home in Balch Springs in Dallas County, a suburb southeast of Dallas.
Ruth Clowers, Janice's mother, found the naked, beaten and dead body of her daughter. Barber described it as a burglary that went wrong.
Barber confessed to killing Janice with a piece of pipe as he tried to rob her home. Barber gave various accounts but told authorities in his confession he found a piece of pipe in her back yard, where he had previously done lawn work, and planned to use it to break a window.
Instead he found a door open and walked in, startling Mrs. Ingram, who began screaming. When she wouldn't be quiet, he began clubbing her with the pipe.
He was charged with the murder while being held in the Dallas County Jail on charges of breaking into a flea market.
In the 2 days after his arrest for Janice's death, he confessed to killing 3 other Dallas-area residents in a 2-year period.
Barber, from Los Angeles, was given life sentences for the three other Dallas County murders, one committed on June 18, 1978, Mercedes Mendez, (48) on Jan. 17, 1979 and another, Mary Caperton, on April 21, 1980. He sells cross-stitch crafts he makes on death row via a web page.
Danny Lee Barber - 43 years - 99-2-11 - Texas
Associated Press
In Huntsville, condemned killer Danny Lee Barber was executed Thursday evening for fatally beating a Dallas County woman almost 20 years ago.
Barber, 43, was pronounced dead at 6:26 p.m., 6 minutes after the lethal injection was started and less than an hour after the U.S. Supreme Court denied his final application for a stay.
In a brief final statement, he greeted 6 members of his victims' families and apologized for his crimes.
"I'm sorry for whatever pain I've caused. I pray you get over it. I am regretful for what I (sic) done, but I am a different person from that time," Barber said.
He then turned toward witnesses he selected and said he had talked to his mother. "Okay. Goodbye," he said in closing.
As the drugs took effect, Barber uttered a gasp and a snore before he stopped moving.
Among the witnesses was 93-year-old Ruth Clowers, who found the body of her daughter, Janice Louise Ingram, after the murder for which Barber was sentenced to die.
As Ms. Clowers and other witnesses emerged from the death house, a woman down the street chanted her opposition to capital punishment into a bullhorn. The witnesses stopped, turned and started clapping.
"The fat lady has finally sung," said Otto Lowrance, Ms. Ingram's cousin.
Ms. Ingram was slain on Oct. 8, 1979, at her home in Balch Springs, a suburb southeast of Dallas. Barber described the murder of the 50-year-old woman as a burglary that went wrong, and blamed it on alcoholism and depression.
It was one of 4 murder convictions for Barber, who was within an hour of lethal injection on Dec. 9 when a federal judge halted the punishment.
Barber's attorneys had raised questions about the legality of the Texas clemency process. U.S. District Judge Sam Sparks in Austin issued a stay but later upheld the clemency procedures, and Barber's execution was reset.
A native of Torrance, Calif., Barber also confessed to 3 other murders committed in Dallas County over an 18-month period between 1977 and 1979, earning him life prison sentences for each.
"I just regret what happened that night," he said before his December death date. "I can't undo the crimes I've done in the past."
Several relatives of his victims came to Huntsville in December to watch him die and were irate and in tears when they were told of the last-minute reprieve. They returned to Huntsville Thursday.
"It's just heartbreaking," said Sue Korioth, a Dallas County assistant district attorney who handles capital case appeals. "It's very difficult for them. You know, they never volunteered for this assignment."
Barber, who refused to speak with reporters since the December reprieve, said earlier he was bitter his good behavior while on death row meant nothing in his appeals.
"I'm upset that I spent 15 years in the work program, counseled other inmates, gone to school and I'm not getting any credit for it," he said. "I've apologized to everyone I could. I've learned to read and write. I've done all I could from in here. I don't feel I'm a threat to anybody. I've learned my lesson. I believe I've earned a right to live."
Prosecutors, however, termed him deserving of the death penalty, especially considering the brutality of Mrs. Ingram's death.
Barber gave various accounts but told authorities in his confession he found a piece of pipe in her back yard, where he had previously done lawn work, and planned to use it to break a window.
Instead he found a door open and walked in, startling Mrs. Ingram, who began screaming. When she wouldn't be quiet, he began clubbing her with the pipe.
He was charged with the murder while being held in the Dallas County Jail on charges of breaking into a flea market.
"I don't recall striking her, though there's a lot that I've blocked out," he said in an interview last year. "Things were hell, and when I gave the confession it eased things."
145 F.3d 234
Danny Lee Barber, Petitioner-appellant,
v.
Gary L. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division,
Respondent-appellee
United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
June 23, 1998
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas.
Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, and KING and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.*
POLITZ, Chief Judge:
Danny Lee Barber invoked 28 U.S.C. § 2254 and sought a writ of habeas corpus, challenging his conviction and death sentence for capital murder. The district court rejected his petition. Barber seeks appellate review,1 contending that the penalty phase testimony by Dr. Clay Griffith relating to the future dangerousness issue violated his fourth, fifth, and fourteenth amendment rights, as well as the rules of Estelle v. Smith2 and Satterwhite v. Texas.3 In his competency examination of Barber prior to trial Dr. Griffith gave no Miranda4 warnings, nor did he obtain consent of Barber's counsel for the examination.
Considering the record, briefs, and oral argument of counsel, in light of our controlling precedents, the request for a certificate of probable cause must be denied.5
BACKGROUND
Barber was indicted for the October 8, 1979 murder of Janie Ingram during the burglary of her home. Prior to trial Barber sought a competency examination by Dr. Charles Lett. The court granted the request and, sua sponte, directed that a second psychiatrist, Dr. Clay Griffith, examine Barber and report thereon. The court found Barber competent to stand trial essentially on the basis of the testimony of Dr. Griffith.6
In August 1980 Barber was found guilty of capital murder and sentenced to death. On direct appeal the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed in part but remanded with directions to the trial court to conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine whether Barber had been competent to stand trial.7 That hearing was conducted and the trial court found Barber competent and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed.8 Barber petitioned for state habeas relief, challenging the testimony of Dr. Griffith. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals denied that relief, concluding that the admission of the testimony of Dr. Griffith about future dangerousness9 was error but was harmless error,10 in light of other overwhelming evidence. The instant proceeding followed.
The district court dismissed Barber's petition for a writ of habeas corpus, concluding that the admission of Dr. Griffith's testimony as to future dangerousness was erroneous but that it did not result in actual prejudice.11 The district court then denied Barber's request for CPC and Barber timely sought appellate review.
ANALYSIS
The district court denied a CPC which we may grant only upon a "substantial showing of the denial of a federal right."12
In Chapman v. California,13 the Supreme Court held that in a direct appeal "before a federal constitutional error can be harmless, the court must be able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt."14 In federal habeas cases, however, the Court in the non-capital case Brecht v. Abrahamson15 held that federal courts may grant relief only when the error "had a substantial and injurious effect in determining the jury's verdict."16
Barber contends that neither the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals,17 nor the district court,18 applied the correct harmless error analysis, urging that the more rigorous standard announced in Chapman19 should apply, even though this is a habeas proceeding, because his Estelle claim was not addressed on direct review and therefore never received scrutiny under the more stringent and constitutionally mandated Chapman standard.20
In December 1997, we decided this issue in Hogue v. Johnson.21 Hogue had contended in a habeas proceeding that his death sentence was unconstitutional because a guilty plea rape conviction from 1974, set aside because of ineffective assistance of counsel, was admitted during the sentencing phase of his trial. Our panel concluded that not only was Hogue's claim procedurally barred, but even if error had occurred the conviction did not have a "substantial and injurious effect" on the jury.
We rejected Hogue's contention that the Chapman standard should apply, stating: "Brecht rather than Chapman, enunciates the appropriate standard for determining whether a constitutional error was harmless in a federal habeas challenge to a state conviction or sentence even though no state court ever made any determination respecting whether or not the error was harmless."22 The court reiterated that Brecht divided cases by two criteria--"structural errors versus non structural errors" and "direct versus collateral review"--and "[n]o third classification of cases was made for those where the state court determined the error was harmless and those that did not address harmlessness."23
Bound by the prior panel's decision, we would note that our holding in Hogue may be viewed as inconsistent with the Supreme Court's underlying reasoning for applying the Brecht standard in federal habeas review. The Brecht court based its adoption of the Kotteakos standard on federal habeas review on three important considerations: (1) state's interest in finality of convictions that have survived direct review within state court systems; (2) the principles of comity and federalism; and (3) that "[l]iberal allowance of the writ ... degrades the prominence of the trial itself."24 The Supreme Court in Brecht stated:
State courts are fully qualified to identify constitutional error and evaluate its prejudicial effect on the trial process under Chapman, and state courts often occupy a superior vantage point from which to evaluate the effect of trial error. For these reasons, it scarcely seems logical to require federal habeas courts to engage in the identical approach to harmless-error review that Chapman requires state courts to engage in on direct review.25
In this capital case, unlike in Brecht which reached the Supreme Court after two state appellate courts, a federal district court, and a federal court of appeals had reviewed the error under Chapman, no court, at the state or federal level, has reviewed Barber's constitutional error under the Chapman standard.
Even if persuaded that Hogue is inconsistent with Brecht, we may not ignore the decision, for in this circuit one panel may not overrule the decision of a prior panel. Absent intervening legislation or a decision of the Supreme Court,26 only our en banc court is so empowered. Accordingly, we must deny Barber's application for a CPC on these issues.
Barber also alleged numerous other constitutional errors, including a charge that the inordinate delay in carrying out his execution violates the eighth amendment; that the retrospective competency hearing violated his due process rights; that he received ineffective assistance of counsel; and prosecutorial misconduct. After reviewing all of same, we find no basis therein for appellate review.
Barber's request for a certificate of probable cause is DENIED.
*****
DENNIS, Circuit Judge, specially concurring:
Although I recognize that this panel is bound by this court's prior decision in Hogue v. Johnson, 131 F.3d 466 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 118 S.Ct. 1297, 140 L.Ed.2d 334 (1998), I write specially to express my belief that the Supreme Court's holding in Chapman v. California requires that when state courts on direct review have disregarded their constitutional duty to apply the rigorous "beyond-a-reasonable-doubt" standard to constitutional error, federal courts on collateral review must apply the Chapman harmless-error standard as part of their obligation to vindicate federal constitutional rights and to protect criminal defendants from unconstitutional convictions and sentences. See Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87 S.Ct. 824, 828, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967) ("[W]e hold ... that before a federal constitutional error can be held harmless, the court must be able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt."). "The State bears the burden of proving that an error passes muster under this standard." Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 630, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 1718, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993). The Chapman standard protects those rights that are "rooted in the Bill of Rights, offered and championed in the Congress by James Madison, who told the Congress that the 'independent' federal courts would be the 'guardians of those rights.' " Chapman, 386 U.S. at 21, 87 S.Ct. at 827. Therefore, the Chapman harmless-error rule is of constitutional magnitude because it is the "necessary rule" fashioned by the Supreme Court to fulfill its responsibility "to protect people from infractions by the States of federally guaranteed rights." Id.
The Supreme Court's subsequent holding in Brecht v. Abrahamson did not lessen that requirement, but only relieved federal habeas courts of the obligation of duplicating the Chapman analysis when state courts on direct review already have satisfied this constitutionally mandated harmless-error review. It is clear to me that the Brecht Court's new rule assumes that a finding of harmlessness by the state courts under the rigorous Chapman rule always will precede federal habeas corpus review of the harmlessness question under the less stringent rule of Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946). See Brecht, 507 U.S. at 636, 113 S.Ct. at 1721 ("t scarcely seems logical to require federal habeas courts to engage in the identical approach to harmless-error review that Chapman requires state courts to engage in on direct review.").
In support of its decision, the Brecht Court adverted to the State's interest in the finality of convictions that survive direct review within the state court system. Id. at 635, 113 S.Ct. at 1720. The Court relied also on the principles of comity and federalism: " 'Federal intrusions into state criminal trials frustrate both the States' sovereign power to punish offenders and their good-faith attempts to honor constitutional rights.' " Id. (quoting Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 128, 102 S.Ct. 1558, 1572, 71 L.Ed.2d 783 (1982)). Federal courts cannot justify abstaining from the enforcement of an individual's constitutional right in deference to the systemic values of finality, federalism, and comity, however, unless there has in fact been a good-faith State effort to protect constitutional rights by applying the Chapman standard. See id.; John H. Blume & Stephen P. Garvey, Harmless Error in Federal Habeas Corpus After Brecht v. Abrahamson, 35 WM. & MARY L. REV. 163, 183-84 (Fall 1993).
Furthermore, Brecht was a non-capital case; it did not present, and the Court did not address, the applicability of its new rule to capital cases. "[T]he Eighth Amendment requires increased reliability of the process by which capital punishment may be imposed." Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 405, 113 S.Ct. 853, 863, 122 L.Ed.2d 203 (1993). Moreover, because of the unique "severity" and "finality" of the death penalty, capital cases demand heightened standards of reliability. Beck v. Alabama, 447 U.S. 625, 637, 100 S.Ct. 2382, 2389, 65 L.Ed.2d 392 (1980). In this case, Barber will be executed with no state court ever having demanded that the State prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the constitutional error did not contribute to the verdict obtained. By repeating the state court's error, this court will have failed in its obligation to "protect people from infractions by the States of federally guaranteed rights." See Chapman, 386 U.S. at 21, 87 S.Ct. at 827.
For these reasons, I conclude that this court in Hogue, by adopting a per se rule that all constitutional error on federal collateral review shall be analyzed under the lenient Brecht/Kotteakos standard, regardless of whether the state court applied the correct harmless-error standard on direct review, mistakenly failed to recognize its federal duty to determine whether there has been a good-faith State effort to protect constitutional rights by applying the Chapman standard.
*****
1
Barber requests a Certificate of Appealability (COA); however, because his petition was filed prior to the effective date of the AEDPA his application must be construed as a request for a certificate of probable cause (CPC). Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 117 S.Ct. 2059, 138 L.Ed.2d 481 (1997). The standards for issuing a CPC and the AEDPA-required COA are identical. See Lucas v. Johnson, 132 F.3d 1069 (5th Cir.1998); Muniz v. Johnson, 132 F.3d 214 (5th Cir.1998). Blankenship v. Johnson, 106 F.3d 1202 (5th Cir.1997), opinion withdrawn and superseded on rehearing by, 118 F.3d 312 (5th Cir.1997)
2
451 U.S. 454, 101 S.Ct. 1866, 68 L.Ed.2d 359 (1981)
3
486 U.S. 249, 108 S.Ct. 1792, 100 L.Ed.2d 284 (1988)
4
See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966)
5
Hogue v. Johnson, 131 F.3d 466 (5th Cir.1997)
6
Dr. Lett otherwise concluded
7
Barber v. State, 737 S.W.2d 824 (Tex.Crim.App.1987)
8
Barber v. State, 757 S.W.2d 359 (Tex.Crim.App.1988), cert. denied, Barber v. Texas, 489 U.S. 1091, 109 S.Ct. 1559, 103 L.Ed.2d 861 (1989)
9
Dr. Griffith, permitted to testify about Barber's future dangerousness during the punishment phase, testified that Barber did not suffer from any form of mental illness, but he did have a sociopathic anti-social personality disorder. He testified that a sociopathic personality was characterized by: (1) repeated confrontations with authority; (2) mental laziness preventing success in school; (3) inability to plan for the future; (4) inability to develop useful skills necessary to retain employment; (5) inability to develop personal relationships; (6) inability to feel or show remorse; (7) lack of concern for others; (8) a tendency to derive pleasure from hurting others; (9) inability to learn from experience or punishment; (10) the ability to manipulate others; and (11) the development of extremely strong sex drives with a tendency toward sexual deviancy. He also testified that petitioner's behavior was becoming increasingly violent and that he would continue to pose a threat to the safety of others even if he were to be incarcerated
10
See Estelle v. Smith, 451 U.S. 454, 101 S.Ct. 1866, 68 L.Ed.2d 359 (1981)
11
Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993) (citing Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946)); Woods v. Johnson, 75 F.3d 1017 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 150, 136 L.Ed.2d 96 (1996)
12
Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 103 S.Ct. 3383, 77 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1983)
13
386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967)
14
Chapman, 386 U.S. at 24, 87 S.Ct. at 828
15
507 U.S. 619, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993)
16
Brecht, 507 U.S. at 623, 113 S.Ct. at 1714
17
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals was silent as to which standard it applied
18
The district court applied the standard espoused in Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993) (Whether the error "had substantial and injurious effect or influence on the jury's verdict")
19
386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967) ("harmless beyond a reasonable doubt")
20
Some courts have held that the Brecht standard is applicable only when the state appellate court previously has applied the more stringent Chapman standard. See Starr v. Lockhart, 23 F.3d 1280 (8th Cir.1994) (applying the Chapman harmless error standard on habeas review where state courts had not found constitutional error on direct review, and thus, had not performed harmless error analysis); Orndorff v. Lockhart, 998 F.2d 1426 (8th Cir.1993) (same); Other courts have held that the language of Brecht applies to all federal habeas proceedings. See Davis v. Executive Director of Dep't of Corrections, 100 F.3d 750 (10th Cir.1996) (Brecht standard applies to all federal habeas proceedings); Sherman v. Smith, 89 F.3d 1134 (4th Cir.1996) (same); Horsley v. Alabama, 45 F.3d 1486 (11th Cir.1995); Tyson v. Trigg, 50 F.3d 436 (7th Cir.1995) (federal habeas corpus courts should apply the Kotteakos standard even if state courts have not conducted a Chapman analysis.)
21
131 F.3d 466 (5th Cir.1997)
22
131 F.3d at 499; see Davis v. Executive Director of Dep't of Corrections, 100 F.3d 750 (10th Cir.1996), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 1703, 137 L.Ed.2d 828 (1997); Sherman v. Smith, 89 F.3d 1134 (4th Cir.1996), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 765, 136 L.Ed.2d 712 (1997); Tyson v. Trigg, 50 F.3d 436 (7th Cir.1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1041, 116 S.Ct. 697, 133 L.Ed.2d 655 (1996); Horsley v. State of Alabama, 45 F.3d 1486 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 960, 116 S.Ct. 410, 133 L.Ed.2d 328 (1995); Smith v. Dixon, 14 F.3d 956 (4th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 841, 115 S.Ct. 129, 130 L.Ed.2d 72 (1994)
23
Hogue, 131 F.3d at 499. Texas courts have also stated "t is clear that for direct review constitutional error, the state applies Chapman." It appears that even state courts broadly assume that Chapman need not apply to collateral review of constitutional errors. Ex Parte Fierro, 934 S.W.2d 370, 372 (Tex.Crim.App.1996)
24
Brecht, 507 U.S. at 635, 113 S.Ct. at 1720
25
Brecht, 507 U.S. at 636, 113 S.Ct. at 1721
26
Ketchum v. Gulf Oil Corp., 798 F.2d 159 (5th Cir.1986)
Classification: Serial killer
Characteristics: Robberies - Rape
Number of victims: 4
Date of murder: 1978 - 1980
Date of arrest: May 6, 1980
Date of birth: May 8, 1955
Victims profile: 4 female
Method of murder: Stabbing with knife / Shooting
Location: Dallas County, Texas, USA
Status: Executed by lethal injection in Texas on February 11, 1999
Date of Execution:
February 11, 1999
Offender:
Danny Lee Barber #673
Last Statement:
Hello, Ms. Ingram, it is good to see you. I said I could talk but I don’t think I am gonna be able to. I heard one of your nieces had some angry words. I didn’t have anything to do with the stay. I spent the last twenty years waiting to figure out what’s going on. I pray that you get over it and that’s the only thing I can think to say. I’m regretful for what I done, but I’m a different person from that time. If you could get to know me over the years, you could have seen it. I’ve got some people over here that believes that.
I want to talk to my friends over here for a second. Well, it’s good to see you guys. Look after Mary Lynn for me. Like I said, I’ve called my mother already, so she knows. Goodbye.
******
Danny Lee Barber was condemned for the October 1979 beating and stabbing death of Janice Louise Ingram during a burglary of her home in Balch Springs in Dallas County, a suburb southeast of Dallas.
Ruth Clowers, Janice's mother, found the naked, beaten and dead body of her daughter. Barber described it as a burglary that went wrong.
Barber confessed to killing Janice with a piece of pipe as he tried to rob her home. Barber gave various accounts but told authorities in his confession he found a piece of pipe in her back yard, where he had previously done lawn work, and planned to use it to break a window.
Instead he found a door open and walked in, startling Mrs. Ingram, who began screaming. When she wouldn't be quiet, he began clubbing her with the pipe.
He was charged with the murder while being held in the Dallas County Jail on charges of breaking into a flea market.
In the 2 days after his arrest for Janice's death, he confessed to killing 3 other Dallas-area residents in a 2-year period.
Barber, from Los Angeles, was given life sentences for the three other Dallas County murders, one committed on June 18, 1978, Mercedes Mendez, (48) on Jan. 17, 1979 and another, Mary Caperton, on April 21, 1980. He sells cross-stitch crafts he makes on death row via a web page.
Danny Lee Barber - 43 years - 99-2-11 - Texas
Associated Press
In Huntsville, condemned killer Danny Lee Barber was executed Thursday evening for fatally beating a Dallas County woman almost 20 years ago.
Barber, 43, was pronounced dead at 6:26 p.m., 6 minutes after the lethal injection was started and less than an hour after the U.S. Supreme Court denied his final application for a stay.
In a brief final statement, he greeted 6 members of his victims' families and apologized for his crimes.
"I'm sorry for whatever pain I've caused. I pray you get over it. I am regretful for what I (sic) done, but I am a different person from that time," Barber said.
He then turned toward witnesses he selected and said he had talked to his mother. "Okay. Goodbye," he said in closing.
As the drugs took effect, Barber uttered a gasp and a snore before he stopped moving.
Among the witnesses was 93-year-old Ruth Clowers, who found the body of her daughter, Janice Louise Ingram, after the murder for which Barber was sentenced to die.
As Ms. Clowers and other witnesses emerged from the death house, a woman down the street chanted her opposition to capital punishment into a bullhorn. The witnesses stopped, turned and started clapping.
"The fat lady has finally sung," said Otto Lowrance, Ms. Ingram's cousin.
Ms. Ingram was slain on Oct. 8, 1979, at her home in Balch Springs, a suburb southeast of Dallas. Barber described the murder of the 50-year-old woman as a burglary that went wrong, and blamed it on alcoholism and depression.
It was one of 4 murder convictions for Barber, who was within an hour of lethal injection on Dec. 9 when a federal judge halted the punishment.
Barber's attorneys had raised questions about the legality of the Texas clemency process. U.S. District Judge Sam Sparks in Austin issued a stay but later upheld the clemency procedures, and Barber's execution was reset.
A native of Torrance, Calif., Barber also confessed to 3 other murders committed in Dallas County over an 18-month period between 1977 and 1979, earning him life prison sentences for each.
"I just regret what happened that night," he said before his December death date. "I can't undo the crimes I've done in the past."
Several relatives of his victims came to Huntsville in December to watch him die and were irate and in tears when they were told of the last-minute reprieve. They returned to Huntsville Thursday.
"It's just heartbreaking," said Sue Korioth, a Dallas County assistant district attorney who handles capital case appeals. "It's very difficult for them. You know, they never volunteered for this assignment."
Barber, who refused to speak with reporters since the December reprieve, said earlier he was bitter his good behavior while on death row meant nothing in his appeals.
"I'm upset that I spent 15 years in the work program, counseled other inmates, gone to school and I'm not getting any credit for it," he said. "I've apologized to everyone I could. I've learned to read and write. I've done all I could from in here. I don't feel I'm a threat to anybody. I've learned my lesson. I believe I've earned a right to live."
Prosecutors, however, termed him deserving of the death penalty, especially considering the brutality of Mrs. Ingram's death.
Barber gave various accounts but told authorities in his confession he found a piece of pipe in her back yard, where he had previously done lawn work, and planned to use it to break a window.
Instead he found a door open and walked in, startling Mrs. Ingram, who began screaming. When she wouldn't be quiet, he began clubbing her with the pipe.
He was charged with the murder while being held in the Dallas County Jail on charges of breaking into a flea market.
"I don't recall striking her, though there's a lot that I've blocked out," he said in an interview last year. "Things were hell, and when I gave the confession it eased things."
145 F.3d 234
Danny Lee Barber, Petitioner-appellant,
v.
Gary L. Johnson, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division,
Respondent-appellee
United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
June 23, 1998
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas.
Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, and KING and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.*
POLITZ, Chief Judge:
Danny Lee Barber invoked 28 U.S.C. § 2254 and sought a writ of habeas corpus, challenging his conviction and death sentence for capital murder. The district court rejected his petition. Barber seeks appellate review,1 contending that the penalty phase testimony by Dr. Clay Griffith relating to the future dangerousness issue violated his fourth, fifth, and fourteenth amendment rights, as well as the rules of Estelle v. Smith2 and Satterwhite v. Texas.3 In his competency examination of Barber prior to trial Dr. Griffith gave no Miranda4 warnings, nor did he obtain consent of Barber's counsel for the examination.
Considering the record, briefs, and oral argument of counsel, in light of our controlling precedents, the request for a certificate of probable cause must be denied.5
BACKGROUND
Barber was indicted for the October 8, 1979 murder of Janie Ingram during the burglary of her home. Prior to trial Barber sought a competency examination by Dr. Charles Lett. The court granted the request and, sua sponte, directed that a second psychiatrist, Dr. Clay Griffith, examine Barber and report thereon. The court found Barber competent to stand trial essentially on the basis of the testimony of Dr. Griffith.6
In August 1980 Barber was found guilty of capital murder and sentenced to death. On direct appeal the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed in part but remanded with directions to the trial court to conduct an evidentiary hearing to determine whether Barber had been competent to stand trial.7 That hearing was conducted and the trial court found Barber competent and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed.8 Barber petitioned for state habeas relief, challenging the testimony of Dr. Griffith. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals denied that relief, concluding that the admission of the testimony of Dr. Griffith about future dangerousness9 was error but was harmless error,10 in light of other overwhelming evidence. The instant proceeding followed.
The district court dismissed Barber's petition for a writ of habeas corpus, concluding that the admission of Dr. Griffith's testimony as to future dangerousness was erroneous but that it did not result in actual prejudice.11 The district court then denied Barber's request for CPC and Barber timely sought appellate review.
ANALYSIS
The district court denied a CPC which we may grant only upon a "substantial showing of the denial of a federal right."12
In Chapman v. California,13 the Supreme Court held that in a direct appeal "before a federal constitutional error can be harmless, the court must be able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt."14 In federal habeas cases, however, the Court in the non-capital case Brecht v. Abrahamson15 held that federal courts may grant relief only when the error "had a substantial and injurious effect in determining the jury's verdict."16
Barber contends that neither the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals,17 nor the district court,18 applied the correct harmless error analysis, urging that the more rigorous standard announced in Chapman19 should apply, even though this is a habeas proceeding, because his Estelle claim was not addressed on direct review and therefore never received scrutiny under the more stringent and constitutionally mandated Chapman standard.20
In December 1997, we decided this issue in Hogue v. Johnson.21 Hogue had contended in a habeas proceeding that his death sentence was unconstitutional because a guilty plea rape conviction from 1974, set aside because of ineffective assistance of counsel, was admitted during the sentencing phase of his trial. Our panel concluded that not only was Hogue's claim procedurally barred, but even if error had occurred the conviction did not have a "substantial and injurious effect" on the jury.
We rejected Hogue's contention that the Chapman standard should apply, stating: "Brecht rather than Chapman, enunciates the appropriate standard for determining whether a constitutional error was harmless in a federal habeas challenge to a state conviction or sentence even though no state court ever made any determination respecting whether or not the error was harmless."22 The court reiterated that Brecht divided cases by two criteria--"structural errors versus non structural errors" and "direct versus collateral review"--and "[n]o third classification of cases was made for those where the state court determined the error was harmless and those that did not address harmlessness."23
Bound by the prior panel's decision, we would note that our holding in Hogue may be viewed as inconsistent with the Supreme Court's underlying reasoning for applying the Brecht standard in federal habeas review. The Brecht court based its adoption of the Kotteakos standard on federal habeas review on three important considerations: (1) state's interest in finality of convictions that have survived direct review within state court systems; (2) the principles of comity and federalism; and (3) that "[l]iberal allowance of the writ ... degrades the prominence of the trial itself."24 The Supreme Court in Brecht stated:
State courts are fully qualified to identify constitutional error and evaluate its prejudicial effect on the trial process under Chapman, and state courts often occupy a superior vantage point from which to evaluate the effect of trial error. For these reasons, it scarcely seems logical to require federal habeas courts to engage in the identical approach to harmless-error review that Chapman requires state courts to engage in on direct review.25
In this capital case, unlike in Brecht which reached the Supreme Court after two state appellate courts, a federal district court, and a federal court of appeals had reviewed the error under Chapman, no court, at the state or federal level, has reviewed Barber's constitutional error under the Chapman standard.
Even if persuaded that Hogue is inconsistent with Brecht, we may not ignore the decision, for in this circuit one panel may not overrule the decision of a prior panel. Absent intervening legislation or a decision of the Supreme Court,26 only our en banc court is so empowered. Accordingly, we must deny Barber's application for a CPC on these issues.
Barber also alleged numerous other constitutional errors, including a charge that the inordinate delay in carrying out his execution violates the eighth amendment; that the retrospective competency hearing violated his due process rights; that he received ineffective assistance of counsel; and prosecutorial misconduct. After reviewing all of same, we find no basis therein for appellate review.
Barber's request for a certificate of probable cause is DENIED.
*****
DENNIS, Circuit Judge, specially concurring:
Although I recognize that this panel is bound by this court's prior decision in Hogue v. Johnson, 131 F.3d 466 (5th Cir.1997), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 118 S.Ct. 1297, 140 L.Ed.2d 334 (1998), I write specially to express my belief that the Supreme Court's holding in Chapman v. California requires that when state courts on direct review have disregarded their constitutional duty to apply the rigorous "beyond-a-reasonable-doubt" standard to constitutional error, federal courts on collateral review must apply the Chapman harmless-error standard as part of their obligation to vindicate federal constitutional rights and to protect criminal defendants from unconstitutional convictions and sentences. See Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87 S.Ct. 824, 828, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967) ("[W]e hold ... that before a federal constitutional error can be held harmless, the court must be able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt."). "The State bears the burden of proving that an error passes muster under this standard." Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 630, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 1718, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993). The Chapman standard protects those rights that are "rooted in the Bill of Rights, offered and championed in the Congress by James Madison, who told the Congress that the 'independent' federal courts would be the 'guardians of those rights.' " Chapman, 386 U.S. at 21, 87 S.Ct. at 827. Therefore, the Chapman harmless-error rule is of constitutional magnitude because it is the "necessary rule" fashioned by the Supreme Court to fulfill its responsibility "to protect people from infractions by the States of federally guaranteed rights." Id.
The Supreme Court's subsequent holding in Brecht v. Abrahamson did not lessen that requirement, but only relieved federal habeas courts of the obligation of duplicating the Chapman analysis when state courts on direct review already have satisfied this constitutionally mandated harmless-error review. It is clear to me that the Brecht Court's new rule assumes that a finding of harmlessness by the state courts under the rigorous Chapman rule always will precede federal habeas corpus review of the harmlessness question under the less stringent rule of Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946). See Brecht, 507 U.S. at 636, 113 S.Ct. at 1721 ("t scarcely seems logical to require federal habeas courts to engage in the identical approach to harmless-error review that Chapman requires state courts to engage in on direct review.").
In support of its decision, the Brecht Court adverted to the State's interest in the finality of convictions that survive direct review within the state court system. Id. at 635, 113 S.Ct. at 1720. The Court relied also on the principles of comity and federalism: " 'Federal intrusions into state criminal trials frustrate both the States' sovereign power to punish offenders and their good-faith attempts to honor constitutional rights.' " Id. (quoting Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 128, 102 S.Ct. 1558, 1572, 71 L.Ed.2d 783 (1982)). Federal courts cannot justify abstaining from the enforcement of an individual's constitutional right in deference to the systemic values of finality, federalism, and comity, however, unless there has in fact been a good-faith State effort to protect constitutional rights by applying the Chapman standard. See id.; John H. Blume & Stephen P. Garvey, Harmless Error in Federal Habeas Corpus After Brecht v. Abrahamson, 35 WM. & MARY L. REV. 163, 183-84 (Fall 1993).
Furthermore, Brecht was a non-capital case; it did not present, and the Court did not address, the applicability of its new rule to capital cases. "[T]he Eighth Amendment requires increased reliability of the process by which capital punishment may be imposed." Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 405, 113 S.Ct. 853, 863, 122 L.Ed.2d 203 (1993). Moreover, because of the unique "severity" and "finality" of the death penalty, capital cases demand heightened standards of reliability. Beck v. Alabama, 447 U.S. 625, 637, 100 S.Ct. 2382, 2389, 65 L.Ed.2d 392 (1980). In this case, Barber will be executed with no state court ever having demanded that the State prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the constitutional error did not contribute to the verdict obtained. By repeating the state court's error, this court will have failed in its obligation to "protect people from infractions by the States of federally guaranteed rights." See Chapman, 386 U.S. at 21, 87 S.Ct. at 827.
For these reasons, I conclude that this court in Hogue, by adopting a per se rule that all constitutional error on federal collateral review shall be analyzed under the lenient Brecht/Kotteakos standard, regardless of whether the state court applied the correct harmless-error standard on direct review, mistakenly failed to recognize its federal duty to determine whether there has been a good-faith State effort to protect constitutional rights by applying the Chapman standard.
*****
1
Barber requests a Certificate of Appealability (COA); however, because his petition was filed prior to the effective date of the AEDPA his application must be construed as a request for a certificate of probable cause (CPC). Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 117 S.Ct. 2059, 138 L.Ed.2d 481 (1997). The standards for issuing a CPC and the AEDPA-required COA are identical. See Lucas v. Johnson, 132 F.3d 1069 (5th Cir.1998); Muniz v. Johnson, 132 F.3d 214 (5th Cir.1998). Blankenship v. Johnson, 106 F.3d 1202 (5th Cir.1997), opinion withdrawn and superseded on rehearing by, 118 F.3d 312 (5th Cir.1997)
2
451 U.S. 454, 101 S.Ct. 1866, 68 L.Ed.2d 359 (1981)
3
486 U.S. 249, 108 S.Ct. 1792, 100 L.Ed.2d 284 (1988)
4
See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966)
5
Hogue v. Johnson, 131 F.3d 466 (5th Cir.1997)
6
Dr. Lett otherwise concluded
7
Barber v. State, 737 S.W.2d 824 (Tex.Crim.App.1987)
8
Barber v. State, 757 S.W.2d 359 (Tex.Crim.App.1988), cert. denied, Barber v. Texas, 489 U.S. 1091, 109 S.Ct. 1559, 103 L.Ed.2d 861 (1989)
9
Dr. Griffith, permitted to testify about Barber's future dangerousness during the punishment phase, testified that Barber did not suffer from any form of mental illness, but he did have a sociopathic anti-social personality disorder. He testified that a sociopathic personality was characterized by: (1) repeated confrontations with authority; (2) mental laziness preventing success in school; (3) inability to plan for the future; (4) inability to develop useful skills necessary to retain employment; (5) inability to develop personal relationships; (6) inability to feel or show remorse; (7) lack of concern for others; (8) a tendency to derive pleasure from hurting others; (9) inability to learn from experience or punishment; (10) the ability to manipulate others; and (11) the development of extremely strong sex drives with a tendency toward sexual deviancy. He also testified that petitioner's behavior was becoming increasingly violent and that he would continue to pose a threat to the safety of others even if he were to be incarcerated
10
See Estelle v. Smith, 451 U.S. 454, 101 S.Ct. 1866, 68 L.Ed.2d 359 (1981)
11
Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993) (citing Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946)); Woods v. Johnson, 75 F.3d 1017 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 150, 136 L.Ed.2d 96 (1996)
12
Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 103 S.Ct. 3383, 77 L.Ed.2d 1090 (1983)
13
386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967)
14
Chapman, 386 U.S. at 24, 87 S.Ct. at 828
15
507 U.S. 619, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993)
16
Brecht, 507 U.S. at 623, 113 S.Ct. at 1714
17
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals was silent as to which standard it applied
18
The district court applied the standard espoused in Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 113 S.Ct. 1710, 123 L.Ed.2d 353 (1993) (Whether the error "had substantial and injurious effect or influence on the jury's verdict")
19
386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967) ("harmless beyond a reasonable doubt")
20
Some courts have held that the Brecht standard is applicable only when the state appellate court previously has applied the more stringent Chapman standard. See Starr v. Lockhart, 23 F.3d 1280 (8th Cir.1994) (applying the Chapman harmless error standard on habeas review where state courts had not found constitutional error on direct review, and thus, had not performed harmless error analysis); Orndorff v. Lockhart, 998 F.2d 1426 (8th Cir.1993) (same); Other courts have held that the language of Brecht applies to all federal habeas proceedings. See Davis v. Executive Director of Dep't of Corrections, 100 F.3d 750 (10th Cir.1996) (Brecht standard applies to all federal habeas proceedings); Sherman v. Smith, 89 F.3d 1134 (4th Cir.1996) (same); Horsley v. Alabama, 45 F.3d 1486 (11th Cir.1995); Tyson v. Trigg, 50 F.3d 436 (7th Cir.1995) (federal habeas corpus courts should apply the Kotteakos standard even if state courts have not conducted a Chapman analysis.)
21
131 F.3d 466 (5th Cir.1997)
22
131 F.3d at 499; see Davis v. Executive Director of Dep't of Corrections, 100 F.3d 750 (10th Cir.1996), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 1703, 137 L.Ed.2d 828 (1997); Sherman v. Smith, 89 F.3d 1134 (4th Cir.1996), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 117 S.Ct. 765, 136 L.Ed.2d 712 (1997); Tyson v. Trigg, 50 F.3d 436 (7th Cir.1995), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1041, 116 S.Ct. 697, 133 L.Ed.2d 655 (1996); Horsley v. State of Alabama, 45 F.3d 1486 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 960, 116 S.Ct. 410, 133 L.Ed.2d 328 (1995); Smith v. Dixon, 14 F.3d 956 (4th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 841, 115 S.Ct. 129, 130 L.Ed.2d 72 (1994)
23
Hogue, 131 F.3d at 499. Texas courts have also stated "t is clear that for direct review constitutional error, the state applies Chapman." It appears that even state courts broadly assume that Chapman need not apply to collateral review of constitutional errors. Ex Parte Fierro, 934 S.W.2d 370, 372 (Tex.Crim.App.1996)
24
Brecht, 507 U.S. at 635, 113 S.Ct. at 1720
25
Brecht, 507 U.S. at 636, 113 S.Ct. at 1721
26
Ketchum v. Gulf Oil Corp., 798 F.2d 159 (5th Cir.1986)
